The Term Entrepreneurship - 1558 Words

Over time many definitions for the term ‘entrepreneurship’ have been given and interpreted, but there is continued discussion on its exact meaning. Blundell, Lockett, and Schumpeter have all offered their definition, and even with their statute in the academic community their definitions are interpreted in different ways. Although entrepreneurs may not be aware of these definitions, they engage in their own version of what entrepreneurship is, and researchers found that they show characteristics from one of two models (Gilad and Levine, 1986) that lead to how decisions are made in their enterprise. Despite having two different models, an entrepreneur may not always fall under either category, and the American entrepreneur Kim Bentham exhibits characteristics for both models. Kim a New Hampshire native, was born in New York, and attended Hardwick College. Since attending Hardwick College he has started several businesses over that time span. Most notable is Iron Gate Farm s LLC, where he runs a successful Farm, Car Carrier Service, and Wedding Venue under that title. Mr. Bentham’s ability to make his businesses stand out in the New Hampshire market, as well as his character traits made him the perfect candidate for this study. But how was his role of the entrepreneur in this enterprise, affecting the enterprise itself? All entrepreneurs formally plan their individual ideas, but demonstrate the necessity of achieving their goal from action. Some entrepreneurs exhibitShow MoreRelatedEntrepreneurship And Long-Term Relationships For A Startup Company856 Words   |  4 Pageson which you must focus for developing the writing for your paper and this is the order to follow: Throughout the course, you have been deepening your understanding of public relations through the lens of entrepreneurship and the importance of building and developing networks to sustain long-term relationships. For this assignment, imagine you have established a small company and you are looking to expand your business in its current field or into related fields. Currently, your business primarilyRead MoreHow Entrepreneurship Has An Effect On The Economy Of India1557 Words   |  7 Pages In the 21st century Entrepreneurship is one of the fundamental driving variable in job development. Entrepreneurship has dependably had a variable in monetary advancement and has assisted with job creation. Be that as it may, in the present time it has quickened like never before. Entrepreneurship is favorable for the development of a country’s economic system for various reasons. Business enterprise has been surprisingly resurgent in the course of recent decades in nations that accomplished generousRead MoreThe Fight Against Poverty Around The World1394 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the most important steps in the fight against poverty around the world is the creation of jobs. The most competitive and successful in this direction is the social entrepreneurship. The task of the social enterprises is to contribute to the solving of the social problems and promoting of the people s livelihood. Social enterprises provide jobs for hundreds of thousands of people in the various fiel ds: food production, marketing, credit, insurance, and transportation. The social enterprisesRead MoreEntrepreneurship1111 Words   |  5 PagesEntrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur or one who undertakes innovations, finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods. This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity. The most obvious form of entrepreneurship is that of starting new businesses (referred as Startup Company); however, in recent years, the term has been extended to include socialRead MoreEssay on Can Entrepreneurship Improve Africas Wellbeing Development1628 Words   |  7 PagesCan Entrepreneurship Improve Africa’s Wellbeing Development? Introduction Africa is one of the poorest areas in the world. Data shows that in some countries, poverty reaches unbelievable rates and people live with less than $1 a day (Ngwane 2003). In contrast, in some countries like USA bankers and CEOs earn up to 400 million dollars a year in bonuses and salaries (Enron 2005). On the other hand, entrepreneurship has significantly increased developed countries’ wellbeing in the last century. InRead MorePrinciples Of Business Management Assignment Unit One1231 Words   |  5 Pagesof the People Term one (2017-2018) September nine, 2017 Introduction Based on the unit one assignment directions I even have revised the reading chapter of the given text book concerning the definitions of leadership, entrepreneurship, and strategy in section two of chapter one within the text. At the same time using, the net given needed to seek out to see the different definitions of leadership, entrepreneurship, and strategy.Read MorePrinciples Of Business Management Assignment Unit One1274 Words   |  6 Pages University of the people Term 1 (2017-2018) September 9, 2017 Introduction Based on the unit one written assignment instructions I have revised the reading chapter of the given text book about the definitions of leadership, entrepreneurship, and strategy in section two of chapter one in the text. Simultaneously used theRead MoreDifferent Types of Entrepreneurship1001 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Entrepreneurship can simply be defined as the art and process that â€Å" involves capturing ideas, converting them into products and, or services and then building a venture to take the product to market† (Zhao, pp. 26). The essential aims to be accomplished by these procedures is the creation of a new organizations or reganerating any part of any organizations for the purpose of achieving further improvement and betterment of the comprehensive business or company. For entrepreneurs sansRead MoreCan Entrepreneurship Be Taught1355 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ Can we teach entrepreneurship and bring some entrepreneurial awareness and changes among individuals. Give evidence Approach in answering the Question †¢ Definition of Entrepreneurship †¢ Entrepreneurship education †¢ Approaches to teach entrepreneurship †¢ Conclusion The concept of entrepreneurship There is no universal agreed definition of entrepreneurship. However, Entrepreneurship is defined differently by different scholars. Schumpeter (1934) defines Entrepreneurship as a person’s abilityRead MoreThe Potential Benefits Of Being An Entrepreneur1190 Words   |  5 Pagesthe employer offers them. †¢ Entrepreneurship offers independence as entrepreneurs make their own decisions and are not restricted by company policy. †¢ Another key benefit of being an entrepreneur is that it is flexible in terms of scheduling tasks around other commitments. †¢ Entrepreneurship is primarily a paragon for innovation as it allows entrepreneurs to explore and create ideas and make them in to successful business plans. †¢ Additionally, entrepreneurships opens the door to numerous opportunities

Emergence of Critical Thinking and the Impact on Education...

This literature review will examine the emergence of critical thinking in history and its impact on education. Early work in critical thinking and methods for teaching critical thinking will be reviewed as well as modern day use of critical thinking. Finally, this paper will examine the benefits of critical thinking in the classroom. Purpose of critical thinking Dr. Richard Paul (2006) defines critical thinking as the â€Å"disciplined art of ensuring that you use the best thinking you are capable of in any set of circumstances.† It is essentially using the best information available to make the best decisions possible. Critical thinking relies on one’s ability to ask themselves questions about a given topic or situation and be†¦show more content†¦By asking deep and profound questions, he was able to ascertain just how worthy an idea was of belief (Paul, 1997). The method described above is now referred to as â€Å"Socratic Questioning† and is the best known critical thinking teaching strategy (Paul, 1997). While it is useful for the questioner to understand the depth of knowledge of his target, it is perhaps even more valuable to the person being questioned. When one undergoes such questioning, they will themselves see the holes in their logic, and any irrational thought or lack of thought in their ideas. Socratic questioning highlights the need for clarity and logical consistency, something that is crucial for all critical thinkers. In his time, Socrates was able to question commonly held beliefs and explanations and find which of these were reasonable and logical and those which, although appealing, were not. These beliefs and explanations might lack evidence or even rational foundation and Socrates often brought this to light through his teaching through questioning (Paul, 1997). In the middle ages, Thomas Aquinas championed critical thinking by taking on questions and criticisms of his ideas and work. He would restate the criticism, consider it, and answer it as part of his development process. Aquinas brought a systematic approach to critical thinking and a need for critical thinking to be cross-examined (Paul, 1997). DuringShow MoreRelatedEducation : Education Of Preservice Teachers And 2 ) Emphasis On High Stakes Testing Essay924 Words   |  4 P agesThis problem stems from two issues: 1) education of preservice teachers and 2) emphasis on high stakes testing. First, elementary education programs focus on the modern two cores, English and mathematics, paying only lip service to science and social studies. This leads to teachers becoming unconformable with the content in these two subjects. This level of uncertainty produces a focus away from social studies and a focus on the other two contents. The second reason for the marginalization of socialRead MoreCritical Thinking And Problem Solving Skills1648 Words   |  7 PagesCritical thinking and problem solving skills have epitomised education throughout history. As time has passed; the education system has become increasingly complex with the integration of learning theories, pedagogies, transformative learning spaces, behavioural management and most importantly; the evolution and role of technology. Learners within the 21st Century are experiencing an education where they are taught to collaboratively communicate and construct new understandings, while acquiring higherRead MoreImpact Of Education On The Construction Of School Education1177 Words   |  5 Pagescultural life environment has always been a very important impact on the construction of school education. It may be with the school education to promote each other, or may also interfere with and weaken the purpose of school education. With the reform and opening up, the overall promotion of the socialist market economy, the growing prosperity of the cultural market to change the face of social and cultural life. This has had a great impact on the curricular and extracurricular cultural life of primaryRead MoreThe Concept of Gestalt Psychology1439 Words   |  6 Pagesisomorphism has mentioned that there is a correlation between cerebral activity and conscious experience. Principles of Gestalt Therapy Most important principles of the Gestalt therapy include reification, multistability, emergence, and invariance. Emergence Emergence defines formation of simpler rules from complex pattern formation. Reification A constructive or a generative aspect of perception is defined as reification. In these cases, the percept consists of more explicit and spatialRead MoreThe Middle Phase Of Learning1092 Words   |  5 Pageschallenges. Physical, emotional, intellectual and social issues can impact upon students learning. For learners to be prepared for the senior phase of learning, student’s curiosity and enthusiasm must be nurtured and further opportunities provided to enable learners to gain knowledge and skills if progress slows. (http://education.qld.gov.au/etrf/pdf/midaction03.pdf) During this phase, learners are shifting from concrete to abstract thinking and have emergent capacity for higher order analysis and reflectionRead MoreLeadership, Social, And Personality Traits For Job Performance And Leadership1139 Words   |  5 Pagesinstitution of society dominant leaders captivate individuals and motivate them to work together to reach a goal. Leaders and groups can influence employment, housing, education, social policy, and industry. What traits support the emergence of a person to prominence? Individuals who emanate strong work ethic, confidence, and critical thinking skills. However, leadership also entails the ability to manipulate and understand the interdependence of organization function, knowledge, culture, communicationRead MoreThe Use Of Simulation As A Method Of Effectively Transfer Learning Into Competencies, Building Teamwork And Basic Organizational Skills923 Words   |  4 Pagesskills. Limitations to this study is the small sample size, e valuation tool, and no evaluation of participants experiences of past simulation exposure. The literature review stated that the use of up to fifty percent as a clinical experience had no impact on NCLEX-RN past rates. Therefore this study could be used by educators as evidence for future training to ensure competencies of APRN. Forneris, Neal, Tiffany, Kuehn, Meyer, 2015, replicated the Dieifurest’s findings using a structured debriefingRead MoreThe Impact of Internet on Our Society1747 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Internet on Our Society Wong Yiu Cheung The emergence of the Internet allows people in all over the world to share the information by connecting computers together. Its development has reached to carry the large numbers of data that we have not imagined before. It also brings impact on the real life by creating brand new tools, platforms, and attempts to satisfy people’s wants only when they are holding a device that can access to the Internet. The impacts are both positive andRead MoreIct : The Most Important Element Of The Education System Essay826 Words   |  4 Pages1. EMERGENCE OF THE PROBLEM Our world is going through a great change. For preparing students for the demands of today’s world, education has to be delivered in a vastly different way. A real 21st century education must involve something more than information literacy alone. Besides the 3 R’s of education (reading, writing and arithmetic); a new â€Å"4 Cs† - Creativity and innovation, Critical thinking and problem solving, Collaboration and Communication are also required for our students to be ableRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Nursing Education1075 Words   |  5 PagesMy Personal Philosophy of Nursing Education My personal philosophy of nursing education is a work in progress as I continue to grow as a nurse, and educator and as a scholar of nursing education. I am not new to the role of nurse or educator, but newer to the role of nursing educator. Nursing is the healing energy of caring, embodied in knowledge and skills. Each person is a unique combination of cognitive and physical energy blended together and infused by spiritual energy. Spiritual energy provides

Daily Routine Free Essays

Daily Routine TEXT One Day of Peter’s life (Story by Peter and Heidi Elliott) I usually manage to be first at waking up — my brother Daniel (he’s six) would stay in bed until seven o’clock. Mum can’t understand it but it seems obvious to me that this is when the day starts, so why miss the beginning? After a quick warm-up and a chat we creep downstairs to see what’s been left around from the night before, although Mum is wise to this and has usually put away anything really interesting. The refrigerator is always a fairly good place to start, and cold rice pudding tastes much better for breakfast than it does for pudding. We will write a custom essay sample on Daily Routine or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 In fact I’ve tried most things at this hour, from cold stuffed marrow to raw sausages; some of it isn’t recommendable and some of it can get you into a lot of trouble. Anyway, I can always make my own breakfast of cereals with plenty of sugar and not much milk. We made Mum’s2 the other day but she didn’t like the chopped peppercorns and Oxos3 that we added to it. Mind you, it didn’t look too good. Well, just when we get into a good game, Mum comes down and says that we have to put all the furniture back and get dressed. I always have the last say in what I’m going to wear, which is always jeans and a tee-shirt. I’m just not relaxed if I’m wearing smart trousers. I like a loose jacket and a hat; my old cowboy hat is a bit misshapen but I do not mind that, it seems to put me in the right mood for the day. It’s time to take Daniel to school. I really enjoy this trip at the moment because I’ve got a super little bike which I ride there and back. Well, I don’t exactly ride it because both pedals have fallen off and the chain has snapped, so now it’s more like a hobby-bike. I use my feet for brakes and propulsion. 4 It works very well and my balance is now so good that I can ride my brother’s big bike if someone helps me to get on and off. When we get to Daniel’s school I have a race around the playground and annoy a few of Dan’s friends before the whistle goes, and then, as the trip home is up-hill and rather boring. Mum usually has to give me a push. I generally play then, or visit a friend down the lane whose brother has some super toys, which compensates for the fact that she’s a girl. 5 Lunch can vary from day to day because I’m quite fussy about my food. I find it hard to sit still long enough to eat a whole dinner, so sometimes Mum reads a book to me which makes it much more enjoyable, and if the story is very good, I’ve even been known to eat things that I didn’t think I liked. I suppose that the way I spend my day must seem fairly routine to some people, but I like to use it to the full no matter what I’m doing. I do everything with enthusiasm — whether constructing a rocket with bricks or practising gymnastics on the bed or just sliding down the banisters, and I’ve noticed that people who are older than me don’t seem to have half as much fun, so I say that I’m going to enjoy myself for as long as possible. The afternoons are unpredictable. On a fine day I may go swimming or visit a park or the shops. Personally, I think the shops are best, especially the ones with toys in. My mother just doesn’t seem to understand that I need them all, anyway I have a good try with as many as I can before getting into trouble with the assistant. Then I move on to the sweets, which I generally get one of. Friends’ houses can be a good source of entertainment, although if they haven’t got any children it can be a bit frustrating not being allowed to touch anything. Luckily most of mother’s friends have got children. The best treat of all, though, is visiting Nanny. 6 She’s got much more time to spend on you than parents have and I do all sorts of things there. I have made some very tasty cakes in Nanny’s kitchen and she doesn’t mind how much mess goes on the floor. 7 I also enjoy gardening with her. She is extremely patient with my pruning efforts. So my afternoons vary until we collect my brother from school at 3. 30. He’s not so much fun in the afternoons, but I do a bit of insect searching on the way home and collect any interesting sticks and stones that I think I could use in our small garden. My bedtime is fixed at 7. 30 and to be honest I’m just about ready for it by then. After doing my duty — by eating some tea — I play for a while or watch television. I’m not a TV addict but cartoons I do enjoy9 and my favorite programme is Tarzan. When this is on I strip off to my underpants and really get into the part. I’m fantastically brave. ) I then have a trip down a shark-infested river10 at bath time or practice swimming in the bath, but my room is rather restricted and Mum doesn’t appreciate how far I get the water up the wall. 11 So, when the water has got fairly cold, I reluctantly agree to get out and put my pyjamas on. I don’t like cleaning my teeth but I do. Mum has to read a book at bedtime: it gives me a few minutes to have a last play and select my favourite toys before the light goes out. After all, even in my dreams I’ve had to fight some pretty fierce tigers. Proper Names Daniel [‘d{nj@l] — Tarzan [‘t? z{n] — Vocabulary Notes 1. †¦ than it does for pudding — †¦ . 2. †¦ we made Mum’s the other day — . 3. Oxos —  «Ã‚ » (. : ) 4. I use my feet for brakes and propulsion. — ? ? . 5. †¦ visit a friend down the lane whose brother has some super toys, which compensates for the fact that she’s a girl. — †¦ ? , ; ? , ? ? , — . . Nanny — : (. : ?  «Ã‚ »). 7. She doesn’t mind how much mess goes on the floor. — , . 8. †¦ she is extremely patient with my pruning efforts. — ? ? . 9. †¦ but cartoons I do enjoy †¦ — †¦ . 10. shark-infested — . 11. Mum doesn’t appreciate how far I get the water up the wall. — , ? . Comprehension Check 1. Why does the child wake up first? 2. What do the brothers do after a warm-up and a chat? 3. What does the child like to wear? 4. Why does the boy enjoy his trip to Daniel’s school? 5. Is he fussy about his food? 6. Does the boy find his days boring? 7. How does he spend the afternoons? 8. Whom does he enjoy visiting most? Why? 9. When does the boy go to bed? 10. Is he a TV addict? 11. How does the boy entertain himself at bathtime? 12. What does he do before the light goes out? . Phonetic Text Drills 0 Exercise 1 Transcribe and pronounce correctly the words from the text. Obvious, to creep, stuffed, marrow, raw, recommendable, cereals, peppercorns, loose, cowboy, misshapen, super, propulsion, balance, to compensate, to vary, enthusiasm, gymnastics, banister, unpredictable, frustrating, treat, pruning, insect, addict, cartoon, underpants, appreciate, reluctantly, pyjamas, fierce. 0 Exercise 2 Pronounce the words or phrases where the following clusters occur. 1. plosive + plosive managed to be, creep downstairs, good place, and cold rice, look too, good game, get dressed, to take Daniel, hard to sit, bedtime, but cartoons, trip down, and put. 2. plosive + w t waking up, quick warm-up, that we added, just when, that we, it works, a rocket with bricks, patient with. 3. plosive + r brother, creep, breakfast, tried, trouble, trousers, trip, brakes, propulsion, unpredictable, try, children, treat, extremely, programme, brave, practise, agree, pretty. 4. plosive + s would stay, it seems, starts, what’s, tastes, last say, its time, sit still, must seem, good source, fight some. 0 Exercise 3 Avoid false assimilation in the clusters: 1. z + s he’s six, has snapped, has some. 2. voiceless plosive + D that this, at the moment, noticed that, think the shops. . s/z + D miss the beginning, Mum’s the other day, as the trip, suppose that. 0 Exercise 4 Practise the pronunciation of predicative structures. It’s ‘time to ‘take ‘Daniel to school. || The ,after’noons are ‘unpre’dictable. || The ‘best ‘treat of all, | though, | is ‘visiting Nanny. || My bedtime is ‘fixed at ‘seven hirty | and | to be honest | I’m ‘just a’bout eady for it by ,then. || I’m ‘not a ‘TV addict | but car’toons I ‘do en’joy | and my ‘favourite ‘programme is Tarzan. || EXERCISES Exercise 1 Reproduce the sentences in which the following words and expressions are used. o wake up to vary from day to day to leave ar ound to use the day to the full to get somebody into trouble to do everything with enthusiasm to have the last say in to be a good source of something entertainment to be relaxed the best treat to put somebody in the to be a TV addict right mood oring to strip off to be fussy about something bedtime Exercise 2 Agree or disagree with the following statements. Give your reasons. 1. The child is the last to wake up. 2. In the kitchen the boy tries a lot of things from cold mar row to raw sausages. 3. The child’s mother has the last say in what he’s going to wear. 4. The boy likes to wear smart suits. 5. He finds his trip to Daniel’s school boring. 6. The boy is fussy about his food. 7. The child’s routine is boring and predictable. 8. He likes spending his time in the shops. 9. The child enjoys visiting Nanny. 10. He is a TV addict. 11. The child enjoys swimming in the bath. Exercise 3 I. Give the three forms of the irregular verbs from the text: Creep, put, get, ride, go, give, find, read, think, slide, make, fight. II. Give the past form of the regular verbs: Manage, stay, start, add, enjoy, snap, use, annoy, visit, compensate, vary, suppose, construct, practise, seem, touch, mind, collect, search, fix, watch, strip, appreciate, agree, select. Exercise 4 Fill the gaps in these sentences with the suitable words below. I. frustrating unpredictable loose smart boring relaxed fussy 1. She likes to feel comfortable and relaxed in clothes, that’s why she always wears †¦ sweaters and jackets and not †¦ suits. 2. Jane is fed up with this †¦ town — all they have is a bar, a cinema and a Chinese restaurant. 3. There must be nothing more †¦ than having a job you don’t like. 4. You can’t feel †¦ and enjoy yourself if there are exams coming. 5. Since the time she was ill, she’s been †¦ about what she eats. 6. She behaves like the weather in Great Britain; she’s so †¦ II. to creep to strip off to vary to select to annoy to leave around 1. There was a large number of beautiful toys and dolls in the shop and it took the girl a lot of time †¦ one. 2. Someone †¦ into the house and stole jewellery. 3. She ran upstairs,†¦ her wet jeans and sweater and pulled on a dressing gown. 4. I don’t want to stay in the house with these two screaming kids. They †¦ me. 5. To make kids eat, you should †¦ he menu as much as possible. 6. Please, don’t†¦ your toys †¦ . I have to put them away before I can do the cleaning. Exercise 5 Find in the text words and expressions similar in meaning to the italicized ones. 1. Somehow he got involved in a boring conversation about food prices. 2. I always start my day with morning exercises and a cold shower. And, of course, I very much like a cup of hot coffee. 3. Nurses should do all they can to make their patients feel at ease. 4. The child abandoned his favourite toy; a little squirrel in the grass had become better entertainment. . When I go to the countryside I like to observe insects. 6. I always go to bed at half past seven and nothing can change my habit. 7. I spent my holiday in Spain and enjoyed it fully. 8. I can’t think of anything more tedious than washing and cooking for the family all day long. 9. I feel that you are doing that unwillingly. 10. My brother is always enthusiastic, no matter what he is doing — playing or working. 11. We moved quietly upstairs so as not to wake the baby. 12. Morning exercises may be hard work, but they can also be great fun. 3. A meal in a restaurant came as a real pleasure after all the food at the university. 14. You are just saying that to irritate me. 15. In the afternoons Mother takes my sister from school. Exercise 6 Find in the text sentences conta ining: I. synonyms and synonymous expressions for the following: depressing untidiness to pick somebody up to take off the clothes physical exercises to be different II. words or phrases with the opposite meaning: to get out of bed to get undressed ot much boring to stay out of trouble predictable Exercise 7 Find in the text the English equivalents of the following words and expressions. A. ; ? ; ; ; ; ; ( -); ; ; ; ? ; ; ? 7. 30; ; -; ; ; ; ; ; ; . ?. ? ; ; ; ; - ; (? ); ; ? ; ; ; ? ; ; ; ; . Exercise 8 Express the same idea using different wording and grammar. 1. After a quick warm-up and a chat, we creep downstairs to see what’s been left around from the night before. 2. I suppose the way I spend my day must seem fairly routine to some people, but I like to use it to the full. . Personally, I think the shops are best, especially the ones with toys in. 4. Friends’ houses can be a good source of entertainment. 5. Iâ⠂¬â„¢m not a TV addict but cartoons I do enjoy and my favourite programme is Tarzan. 6. The best treat of all is visiting Nanny. 7. She is extremely patient with my pruning efforts. 8. When Tarzan is on I strip off to my underpants and really get into the part. 9. I then have a trip down a shark-infested river at bathtime or practise swimming in the bath, but my room is rather restricted and mum doesn’t appreciate how far I get the water up the wall. 10. Mum has to read a book at bedtime, it gives me a few minutes to have a last play and select my favourite toys before the light goes out. Exercise 9 1. Draw a chart like the one below and arrange the child’s activities into two columns. Enjoyable Boring II. After you have finished the chart, compare it with the rest of the class. Discuss the child’s activities using the following words: Interesting, creative, exciting, good fun, dangerous, boring, good exercise, relaxing, crazy, wonderful, enjoyable, terrible. Start your discussion with the following phrases: I think/I don’t think he enjoys/likes †¦ It must be dangerous/interesting to swim/to play†¦ etc. That sounds/does not sound like much fan/crazy†¦ etc. I’d like to try †¦ myself. He doesn’t mind †¦ If I had time, I’d like to †¦ Exercise 10 Speak about your daily activities using the patterns given below. 1. I’m not a TV addict/ardent reader, etc. but cartoons/novels, etc. I do enjoy. 2. I don’t like cleaning my teeth/watching newsreels, etc. but I do. 3. I find it hard to sit still long enough/to work in the library, etc. 4. It can be a bit frustrating not being allowed to touch anything/to go to a disco, etc. Exercise 11 Speak about the child’s daily routine: 1. in the third person; 2. in the person of his mother; 3. in the person of his brother Daniel. Exercise 12 Discussion points. 1. What can you say about the boy’s character? Support your opinion. 2. What do you think of his mother? What is her daily routine like? 3. What takes up most of the boy’s day? 4. What activities mentioned by the boy seem to be most entertaining to you? Why? Exercise 13 I. Discuss activities we do as part of our daily/weekly routine. In five minutes write down as many things as you can think of. You should write your routines in full sentences, using adverbs of frequency. Read out your list to the class and delete anything you have written down which someone else has as well. Thus make a list of your special routines, that no one else has. Pattern: I hove parties every week. II. Express your own feelings about the special routines of your fellow students. Use the expressions of likes and dislikes. Pattern: — I have parties every week. — Well, to be honest/No, I’m not too keen on arranging parties every week. Exercise 14 Tell about your daily routine when a child. Compare it with your present daily routine. Think about the following points: studies, everyday activities, leisure activities, food/clothes, likes/dislikes. Use the following phrases: When a child, I used to †¦ , but now I †¦ I never used to †¦ I spent most of my time †¦ , but now I †¦ I was/am keen on †¦ I was/am a †¦ addict. I couldn’t/can’t live without †¦ The best treat of all was/is †¦ I found †¦ enjoyable, but now I find †¦ boring/interesting. I’ve decided to give up †¦ But I’m not going to give up †¦ Exercise 15 I. Read the following text and get ready to answer the questions. John Naylor, 24, is a successful businessman. Let’s follow him through a typical day. The alarm clock goes off at 7:00 a. m. John jolts out of bed at the same time. The automatic coffee maker kicks on in the kitchen. He jumps in the shower, shaves, opens one of the half-dozen boxes of freshly laundered white shirts waiting on the shelf, finishes dressing, and pours a cup of coffee. He sits down to a piece of whole wheat toast while he nips through the Fleet Street Journal. It takes him about 15 minutes to wake up and get ready. His briefcase in one hand and gym bag in the other, he hops in the car, ready to start the day. He clocks in at exactly 7:45 a. m. He takes a seat in front of the computer and prepares for hours of phone calls and meetings that occupy his mornings. At noon John rashes to the health club where he strips off the grey suit and changes into his T-shirt, shorts and the latest in design running shoes for tennis. In an hour he is sitting in the club dining room where he has scheduled lunch with a potential client. They discuss business over sparkling water, pasta and a cup of coffee. At 2:30 p. m. he is back at his office, eager for several more hours of frantic meetings and phone calls. At 6:00 p. m. John phones out for delivery of dinner to keep him going through the next two to three hours he’ll spend at his office. John gets home at 10:00 p. m. just in time to sit down to a bowl of frozen yoghurt and a reran of this season’s most popular drama series before turning in. II. Make brief notes of John’s daily routine. Use these times as a guide. 7:00 7:45 2:30 10:00 7:15 12:00 6:00 – 9:00 1:00 III. Answer the following questions: 1. What takes up most of his time? 2. What things do you dislike about his daily routine? 3. Is his daily routine always the same? 4. Is his daily routine very different from yours? How? 5. What do you think about his social life? What daily routine may his girlfriend have? 6. Is he happy? Why? 7. What problems may arise if John gets married and starts a family? Will children fit into this hectic schedule? IV. Work in groups of two. Student A: You are going to interview John. Ask him questions about his daily routine, and ask anything else you like. (E. g. How he feels about his life, what he likes about his work, his future plans). Student B: You are John. Answer the interviewer’s questions about your daily routine. When you are asked about other things, invent suitable answers. Exercise 16 Pair work: Talk about your busiest day. Ask the following and more: 1. What’s your busiest day? 2. What do you usually do? 3. What time do you get up? 4. Where do you usually have breakfast, lunch? 5. What do you usually do after classes? 6. What time do you usually go home? 7. What do you do at the end of the day? 8. What do you do in your spare time? . What time do you usually go to bed? 10. What activities do you enjoy? Which do you dislike? Exercise 17 Imagine you can do what you like and work where you want. Plan your daily routine. When you are ready tell the class. Exercise 18 I. Carry out a survey titled â€Å"How to Organise Your Day†. Ask your fellow students: 1. how much time they spend: working, sleeping, washing an d getting dressed, eating and drinking, shopping, travelling, doing housework, studying, reading, watching TV or listening to the radio, performing other leisure activities, doing nothing; 2. hich activities they enjoy doing and how long they spend on them; 3. which activities they do not enjoy doing and how long they spend on them; 4. if there is something they don’t have time to do or would like to spend more time doing; 5. if there is some way they could organise their time differently and how. II. Make notes and analyse the results of the investigation. Write a short report giving the results of your survey. Use words and expressions like these: None of†¦ A great many of†¦ Hardly any of†¦ Some of†¦ Very few of†¦ A large number of. Not many of†¦ A lot of†¦ The majority of†¦ III. Use the following phrases for summarising or generalising: on the whole, †¦ at first glance, †¦ apparently, †¦ it seems/appears that †¦ generally, †¦ IV. When you have finished your report, show it to the other students in the class and discuss. Exercise 19 Retell the following text in English. , ?, . , ? . ? . ? , ? . : ? , , . , , ? ? ? , , . ? , , — , , ? , ? , ? ? , . ? , , ? — . . ? , ? . ? , , ? , ? . ? , . - , ? , ? - , ? . , , ? - , ? ? . , , , , ? ? . , ? , ? , , ? ? , , . ? ? . ? , ? ! †¦ ? , †¦ ? , , ? , . , — ? ? . ? , — ? ? . , — ? ? . , ? . ? ? , ? , , ? . ? — , ? - , , . ? ? , ? ? , ? , -. ? . , ? ? . ? ? , ? ? . ? ? . . — - .  «  » — . —  «  » :  «- ? ?  ». ? , , ? ? . (?. .  « ? ?  ») Exercise 20 I. Read the list of English idioms and find their Russian equivalents in the econd list. A. To be back on track; a whole good hour; from time to time; year in, year out; on the run; in the dead of night; day in, day out; to play the fool; to twiddle one’s thumbs. B. ; ; ? ; ? ; ; ; ; ? ; . II. Use the English idioms in sentences of your own speaking about your daily routine. Exercise 21 I. Match the two halves of each proverb correctly. Translate them into Russian or give their Russian equivalents. An early bird catches Jack a dull boy Time is two things at once Never put off till tomorrow a virtue Time and tide a worm Better late money Everyday is not what you can do today No man can do wait for no man All work and no play makes Sunday Punctuality is than never II. Make up a story to illustrate one of these proverbs. Exercise 22 Translate the quotations and comment upon them. ‘A day is a miniature eternity. ‘ Ralph Emerson ‘Write it on your heart that every day is the best day in the year. ‘ Ralph Emerson ‘Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do. ‘ Jean-Paul Sartre ‘The day is for honest men, the night for thieves. ‘ Euripides ‘Every day, in every way, I am getting better and better. ‘ Emile Coue Exercise 23 Role-play â€Å"Making a TV Programme†. Setting: The streets of a big modern city. Situation: A television crew is making a programme about different lifestyles. The journalists stop people in the street and interview them. They ask questions about their daily routine. They try to find out what time they get up, whether they get enough sleep, what they have for breakfast/dinner/supper, whether they are fussy about food, how they get to work, whether they are late for work, what time they come back home, who does the cooking/cleaning/shopping/washing, etc. whether they are more awake in the morning or in the evening, what time they go to bed, what they do to keep fit, what they do to relax, whether they have any kind of social life, what puts them in a good mood, whether their daily routine is always the same. Characters: Card I—II — Christian and Christine, th e journalists. Card III—IV — Daniel and Diana, an actor and an actress. Famous and well-known. Card V — Sheppard, a university student. Not very diligent. Card VI — Shirley, a model. Willing to make a career. Card VII — Patricia, a school teacher. Very responsible. Card VIII — Felicia, a housewife. Has a large family. Card IX — Raymond, a businessman. Very busy and very rich. Card X — Letitia, a waitress in a restaurant. Young and carefree. Card XI — Simon, a professional driver. Works hard and long hours. WRITING Exercise 1 Learn the spelling of the words in bold type from Introductory Reading and exercise 1 on page 68 and be ready to write a dictation. Exercise 2 Write a short description of a) your busiest day; b) your day off; c) your favourite day in the form of diary notes. Follow the pattern: Exercise 3 Write a composition or an essay on one of the following topics. 1. The Day Everything Went Wrong. 2. How I Organise My Time. 3. The Day Before You Came. (ABBA) 4. ‘Never put off till tomorrow, what you can do the day after tomorrow. ‘ (O. Wilde) 5. The Day of a Person Is a Picture of This Person. Note: Punctuation. In writing it is very important to observe correct punctuation marks. A full stop is put: 1) at the end of sentences; 2) in decimals (e. g. 3. 5 — three point five). A comma separates: 1) homogeneous parts of the sentence if there are more than three members (e. g. I saw a house, a garden, and a car); 2) parentheses (e. g. The story, to put it mildly, is not nice); 3) Nominative Absolute Constructions (e. g. The play over, the audience left the hall); 4) appositions (e. g. Byron, one of the greatest English poets, was born in 1788); 5) interjections (e. g. Oh, you are right! ); 6) coordinate clauses joined by and, but, or, nor, for, while, whereas, etc. (e. g. The speaker was disappointed, but the audience was pleased); 7) attributive clauses in complex sentences if they are commenting (e. g. The Thames, which runs through London, is quite slow. Compare with a defining clause where no comma is needed — The river that/which runs through London is quite slow); 8) adverbial clauses introduced by if, when, because, though, etc. (e. g. If it is true, we are having good luck); 9) inverted clauses (e. g. Hardly had she entered, they fired questions at her); 10) in whole numbers (e. g. 25,500 — twenty five thousand five hundred). Object clauses are not separated by commas (e. g. He asked what he should do). To be continued on page 140. How to cite Daily Routine, Papers Daily Routine Free Essays Natural Language Learning (Without a Teacher) – by David Snopek Daily Routine Worksheet One of the biggest challenges in life in general, is finding time for all the things we want to do. The goal of this worksheet, is to help you find and schedule time time learn a language. Part A – Finding time Please think of all the â€Å"in between times† and tasks that don’t require much thinking in your daily life and write them in on the chart below. We will write a custom essay sample on Daily Routine or any similar topic only for you Order Now Activity Average minutes spent per day Commuting to work or school minutes Household chores (ex. ashing the dishes, cooking, cleaning †¦ ) minutes Breaks at work minutes Shopping minutes Waiting (ex. for the bus, doctor, next meeting/class to start) minutes minutes minutes minutes minutes Average total per day: minutes Part B – Activities that could be converted Please think of all the language related activities you do on a daily basis in your native language – which you could potentially do in the language you are learning and write them in the chart below. Activity Average minutes spent per day Reading (of any kind: book, newspaper, online, etc) inutes Watching television or movies minutes Listening to music minutes Playing video games minutes minutes minutes minutes minutes Average total per day: minutes Natural Language Learning (Without a Teacher) – by David Snopek Part C – Your daily routine Once you’ve created your method and found som e time you can use to do it – you can build a chart of your daily routine. Please complete the chart below with the activity, time and length. Activity Example: Review flashcards Time and length Weekday Weekend Before work (8:00am) 10 mins Morning (10:00am) 10 mins How to cite Daily Routine, Essay examples

Big Foot Research free essay sample

However, several colors have been reported such as dark brown, reddish brown, light brown, gray, and in rare instances, white. Most sightings have reported that the hair on Sasquatch is quite wiry and appears to be matted to the creature. Sasquatches are foragers. A few cases to support this statement are that they have been seen washing and eating wild onions in a stream. Crouching over a water hole washing edible grass roots. There were two piles, one washed and the other unwashed. Walking through a forested area stripping spruce buds off the trees and eating the seeds. It would also pull down branches to eat the buds. Head lights of a car caught a Sasquatch eating apples in front of a house. Many trees had the fruit stripped off higher than a human could reach. Stealing corn and turnips from a vegetable garden, chickens and turkeys also missing. A bedding area was found in an abandoned mine shaft, there were many brussel sprout stalks were found near the entrance. We will write a custom essay sample on Big Foot Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A thousand 16 inch tracks were found, they showed a Sasquatch stripping the bark from trees to look for insects. Two deer hunters witnessed two dark brown Sasquatches 7 to 9 feet tall reaching down under rocks to find insects and worms. Two Sasquatches in a creek turning over rocks and eating something, possibly insects or small fish. A witnessed an animal digging up clams on the shore. They shot at it thinking it was a bear it stood up, screamed and ran away on two legs. Twenty people on two commercial fishing boats approached the shore, a Sasquatch on a mud flat stood up and ran away. They checked the spot where the creature stood and realized it was digging clams. Two adults and one juvenile witnessed digging up hibernating ground squirrels and feeding on them. Scavenging on road kill. How long have they been around? | Notes: Over the last two hundred years there have been thousands of reported sightings of Sasquatch and Possibly thousands of unreported sightings as well. Hundreds of footprints have been found and cast all over North America. Wide shoulders and a deep chest. Arms are longer than legs and hang down below the knee. Short thick neck or the appearance of no neck. This is due to the fact that the spine connects to the back of the skull and the Trapezius muscles are more developed. Pointed head, a unique anatomical characteristic of the Gorilla. This is attributed in the adult male to a prominent sagittal crest overlaid with a pad of fibro fatty tissue. This characteristic is less pronounced in females and smaller bodied adult males. Extreme muscularity. Broad, flat face. Jaw that protrudes beyond the nose. This anatomical feature (prognathism) is distinctly ape-like. Prognathism is due to the need for large jaws and teeth for mastication. Brow-ridges, above the eyes is a huge shelf of bone. Hair color is most often described as light brown, dark brown or black. Other colors that have been reported are grey, light, white, silver-tipped, and red to reddish-brown. Hair length is longer on the head, shoulders, and arms, than anywhere else on the body. Hair distribution, body is completely hair covered except for patches of bare black skin on the face, chest, soles of feet, and palms of hands.

Major Scientific Discoveries of the 19th Century free essay sample

Scientific knowledge expanded rapidly, and influenced the way Europeans viewed the world; perhaps more profoundly than at any other time in history. Among these changes was Louis Pasteur discovery of the germ, which opened up a whole new world in health care. This led to Europeans using soap and taking showers more often, a huge market for antiseptics and disinfectants opened up, new methods for food preservation were discovered and used, the invention of the refrigerator, avoiding being around people who are sick or appear to be sick, people being much more picky about what they eat such as not eating foods that were undercooked, fell on the ground, or a bug landed in it, and much more effective methods developed to prevent wide spread of disease. Another major development in 19th century Europe was thermodynamics, which investigated the relationship between heat and mechanical energy. Machines were the focal point of the Industrial Revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Scientific Discoveries of the 19th Century or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus the efficiency of those machines became a major concern to scientists and industrialists. Charles Darwin challenged the idea of a special divine creation of each species of animal and concluded that all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin in an unending struggle for survival. This completely changed the way people viewed the natural world and led to Herbert Spenser said that the human race was driven forward by a constant specialization and progress by a brutal economic struggle. The poor were the weak and the prosperous were the chosen strong. Spenser’s philosophy became known as Social Darwinism, which was very popular with the upper middle classes. It later became the justification for presumed Anglo-Saxon superiority. Many advancements in technology, medicine and human behavior occurred in Europe during this period. The 19th century gave witness to the Scientific Revolution and changed the world forever.

Madame Butterly Essays - Madama Butterfly, Nagasaki, Operas

Madame Butterly Essays - Madama Butterfly, Nagasaki, Operas Madame Butterly Act I At the turn of the current century, in the picturesque gardens of a lovely Japanese villa on the outskirts of Nagasaki, a local marriage broker, Goro, explains that he has arranged a marriage with an adolescent Japanese girl for Lieutenant Pinkerton of the United States Navy. Both the marriage contract and the accompanying rental agreement for a home are presented to Pinkerton for his pleasure and convenience during the term of his service in Japan. Both are cancelable upon the same conditions: thirty days' notice. When United States Consul, Sharpless, comes calling, he warns Pinkerton that such an arrangement invites tragedy. The young lady in question, he says, Cio-Cio-San, is known as Madame Butterfly because of her femininity and sensitive nature. Certainly this sort of cavalier treatment will eventually break her tender heart. The self-indulgent Pinkerton ignores the older man's advice, making it clear he considers the wedding a game, that he'll be glad to be married legitimately someday in the United States to an American woman. Butterfly appears, accompanied by her family. She is an innocent girl of fifteen, who arrives carrying her most precious personal treasures in her sleeve a little jewelry and a dagger her father used to commit suicide on orders from the Mikado. The marriage ceremony proceeds and the assemblage toasts the couple. In the midst of a happy moment, the Bonze, a Japanese priest, sweeps in with a stern denunciation of the bride. She has forsaken her religion and turned to Christianity in deference to her new husband, he announces. He declares her an outcast and the entire family supports his damning judgment. Pinkerton sends them all away and proceeds to woo Butterfly. They proclaim their attraction to one another in a love duet and the curtain falls as the couple happily enters their new home. Act II Madame Butterfly has lived alone in the little home above Nagasaki for three years now. The short marriage with Lieutenant Pinkerton ended when he returned to America and he hasn't been heard from since. Her maid and friend, Suzuki, tries to reason with Butterfly about the distinct possibility that this man will never return. The tragically loyal Butterfly answers with the aria Un bel di vedremo, describing her vision of the Lieutenant's ship reappearing on the horizon and Pinkerton himself ascending the hill to their home. The American consul, Sharpless, arrives with a letter he wishes to read to Butterfly. However, Goro interrupts to present a potential suitor to the young woman, an offer she firmly refuses. Knowing the letter he carries announces the wedding of Pinkerton to an American girl, the Consul asks Butterfly what will happen if her husband never returns. She declares that impossible, but if it were to be, she says, she would kill herself. She produces her young son, Trouble. He has been so-named she explained until Pinkerton comes home. Then the child's name will become Joy. Sharpless realizes he can't reason with her and departs. A cannon from the harbor announces the docking of Pinkerton's ship. Butterfly and Suzuki happily prepare the house for his arrival. The scene closes quietly as the women and child settle down to watch for Pinkerton's appearance on the hillside path. Act III Trouble and Suzuki have fallen asleep waiting for the Lieutenant. Only Butterfly keeps the vigil. The sun is rising, but Pinkerton has yet to make himself known. Butterfly takes her child to his room to tuck him into bed, to the tune of a lullaby. At that moment, Consul Sharpless arrives in the garden, accompanied by Pinkerton and his American wife, Kate. Realizing what has occurred, Suzuki is brokenhearted. Glancing around at the once idyllic hideaway where he lived with the lovely Butterfly, Pinkerton sings a farewell to this home, to the past. Entering the room once more, Butterfly captures the essence of the scene immediately. She tells Kate that Pinkerton may have the child if he will return for him later. The emotionally shattered Madame Butterfly blindfolds Trouble, steps behind an ornamental screen, and stabs herself to death. Pinkerton rushes into the house calling to her, Butterfly! Butterfly! But his concern comes much too late. He kneels beside her lifeless body.

Shakespeare in love and Romeo and juliet Movie Review

Shakespeare in love and Romeo and juliet - Movie Review Example In this way, Will-as he is referred to throughout the film-becomes less of a historical figure and more of a literary character in his own right; Stoppard has created a Romeo with wisdom, showing the audience what might have happened to the tragic lovers had they been less rash. Although Will is fresh faced and handsome like his counterpart, Romeo, he also has maturity and the ability to think things through. Essentially, although many parallels exist between the works, each positive and negative turn of events in Shakespeare in Love speaks to responsibility and sacrifice for the greater good rather than the impulsiveness and selfishness of youth. In the original play, Romeo and Juliet, it is love at first site, with the two falling in love upon first meeting and marrying soon after. Although Romeo woos her with beautiful words, it is clear that attraction is rooted in the chemistry they feel upon meeting more than anything else. Their families are locked in a perpetual feud and Juliet is betrothed to another man, which makes their love forbidden. This of course makes the affair more exciting but more complicated as well. When Romeo is banished for murder, Juliet concocts a plan to fake her own death but Romeo is never informed of it and kills himself in grief. Waking to find him dead, Juliet kills herself and their families are left to deal the fall out from their deaths. We are left to believe that they agree to restore peace among them. Shakespeare in Love, on the other hand, related the story of a young noble woman who falls in love first with Will's poetry, his ability to use words to paint pictures and invoke deep emotions. Many of these words are used within the film, creating a play within a play. Rather than create a direct parallel, wherein all of the elements follow a recognizable predetermined path based upon the play, Stoppard chooses to sprinkle these elements throughout the action. The feud, for example, is not between the families of the lovers for example, but between two play houses-The Rose and The Curtain-and their playwrights-Marlowe and Shakespeare. However, the death of Marlowe and the shutting down of The Rose sparks a truce between the two houses. "Will Shakespeare has a play. I have a theatre," (Stoppard) says the owner, Burbage, when he offers his stage to the now defunct players. Loss brings together these warring groups, just as it did in Romeo and Juliet; however the lesson here is greater. When both children are dead, a truce serves only to prevent further bloodshed. It will not bring these children back nor allow them to enjoy the peace that their deaths have brought. It is a bittersweet victory. However, when the two play houses form a truce, they are both elevated beyond their previous quality, producing a play worthy of the Queen's approval and praise as one that is able to truly demonstrate love. This diversion from the play serves to move the action forward by giving the play a stage, it provides everyone involved with some measure of success, and one could learn a lesson in cooperation-if they were so inclined-as neither party could have reaped the rewards on their own, our lovers Will and Viola included. Another parallel between the plays is the morning after the lovers have first consummated their love affair and are torn from each other by the quickly approaching

Nurses as patient advocates reporting negligence by other health care Essay

Nurses as patient advocates reporting negligence by other health care providers - Essay Example Advances in the 21st century are seeing many new developments in the field of healthcare forcing the nursing faculty to reinforce effective and appropriate education and take up more challenging and leading roles. This becomes of primary importance by virtue of the nature of the profession nursing is. As such, the primary goal of nursing is to provide quality health care to patients. One of such challenges is to be advocates to their patients. By the nature of their profession, nurses are bestowed upon the opportunity to work closely with physicians of their patients. Thus any incompetence, negligence, carelessness and even malpractice on the part of physician or other health professionals may be recognized by the nurses. Patients and their relatives, who are ignorant of various aspects of medical fraternity fall prey to the incompetence and unethical deeds of their physicians and suffer in silence. In such situations, nurses must take up the role of advocates and provide justice to the patients and their relatives by voicing the injustice matter. This must be done with the intention of better care of the patient. It is of course not an easy task to whistle blow! Whistle blowing means "going public or speaking out to ones professional organization or to the media in order to protect the welfare of patients because of a perceived wrongdoing on the part of others" (Elen; cited in ANA, 2001). Whistle blowing is a major source of moral distress and mental trauma to the nurses because it makes the nurses weigh between the duties of the nurses and the obligations of providing justice to the patients and their relatives. Taking up the role of patients advocates is not without risk for the nurses. Whistle blowing can lead to loss of job, negative reactions from coworkers and even legal consequences (ANA, 2001). It can cause undue loss of privacy of the patient, tarn the image of the physician and institution and also cause loss of provider to

Family Law and the various areas that are involved in the legal Essay

Family Law and the various areas that are involved in the legal processes - Essay Example Another very detrimental part of this research is in the concept of domestic violence and how it is perceived in society. This is an issue that often goes unreported and therefore many cases are left with unanswered questions as to how and why it happens. The laws surrounding it are also included in this research. The main goal is to provide more insight into what laws are set up to assist families and protect their rights in various situations. Also, what new reforms are taking place and how they are being implemented and carried out to improve the quality of life for families The Family Law Act that was approved and passed in 1996 radically changed the way a lot of legal issues involving family related areas were previously handled. It has had a tremendous impact on specific views of divorce proceedings, consultations for marital breakdowns, the welfare of children, marriages that are of the same sex; and a mass variety of other family related areas. ... king a divorce are especially affected by the new legislation as instead of granting a quick divorce to a couple, the legalities have become stricter and now function in a slow and systematic process to allow for time to consider the well being of the children involved and the effect the divorce proceeding might have on both parties with consideration to finances and living accommodations. Now, more than ever before within the UK, marriage is being considered as a top priority. This specific area that unites a family is considered to be deserving of extra attention and efforts to maintain it and keep it from becoming a problem that disintegrates and deteriorates the whole family structure. Therefore, a good variety of legal implementations are being made in the family courts that have already been introduced to persuade couples from divorcing but rather seek counsel and evaluate their relationships thoroughly before opting to dissolve of them altogether. Marriage is a highly valued principle of life so there are certain steps that have to be taken before a petition for divorce will even be looked upon by the court system and achieve any form of consideration. Some of these phases of the family legal process have been placed in the following outline: The institute of marriage should be supported more so than divorce Any and all applicable steps to save the marriage should be utilized by the couple whether it be marriage counseling or by alternative means such as living apart for a specified period of time If the marriage is found to be unsalvageable it should be absolved with the least amount of stress possible to both parties and with respect for the children's welfare Consideration should be given to the children's needs and wants as well as their rights entitle

Risk management in project development

Risk management in project development Risk Management In Software development Abstract: Risks are always associated with any kind of project development. It is important to identify and control the risks associated with any project as important it is to develop a project. Especially with software projects there are many unexpected problems which may hinder the software development process. It is crucial to control these risks from the technical development of components for a project to be successful. Hence the software industry is seeing software development risk management as an important practice to minimize the occurrence of risks associated with the project. This research papers gives an insight into various risks associated with software development and the methods to reduce these risks. Introduction: Risk management is a very interesting topic in todays world. Now as days we see that software is an essential part of any application and is used in every company for various purposes. Software has become an important part of life and is practically used in everyday life for various purposes. Now days, due to increase in software companies and usage of internet, a lot of complex and large software projects are developed. These projects have constraints of resources, cost and schedule. So it becomes necessary to build these projects risk free as there are many factors and constraints associated with it. In the present competitive world, there are a lot of companies making various softwares which are large scale and small scale. With this huge scope developing software, comes the risks of managing and developing successful software. Technology is advanced tremendously but still the problems and risks related to software development exist. Research has shown that 85% of all projects being developed fail due to various risks associated with project development. Out of these 40% completely fail due to incomplete requirements and 46% due to cost and schedule over runs and improper functionality. So, effective risk management is important for successful project development. Risk: A Risk is the occurrence of an event which can adversely affect or hinder the development process. A risk is any event which is likely to happen or not but if it does happen will have a negative effect on the project. Risk cannot be classified into various categories but it is the types of risks that need to be identified which are associated with a project. The risks may vary from managing team members, resources and changing environment or technology. Technical risks lie at the heart of most of the causes of software project failures. Technical risks can be defined as the possibility that the application of software engineering theory, principles, and techniques will fail to yield the right software product. Technical risk is comprised of the underlying technological factors that may cause the final product to be: overly expensive, delivered late, or unacceptable to the customer. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) Risk Management and Factors Responsible for Risks: Risk Management can be defined as An application of appropriate tools and procedures to contain risk within acceptable limits by identifying, addressing, and eliminating potential problems before they damage a project.(Dhlamini, J. 2009). It contains processes, methods and tools for managing risks associated with a software project. The basic aim of risk management is to early analyze and identify the risks associated with the project development and take the necessary steps change the course of action to minimize the risks. Risk Management is basically a continuous and formalized process of assessment which requires a team-oriented and needs open communication between all the members. The various factors responsible for risks in development of software projects are scope, resources, cost, communication, integration, time scale, quality and contracts. Every factor has its own risk and affects the project development in a way if not managed properly. Like if the project is outsourced there are times when the communication is not clear between the offshore and onshore team. Most of the times to cut the costs the management, might not use the right sources required for the project resulting in a failure. Sometimes the requirements are not defined properly with may result into a product which is not per the expectations thus affecting the quality of the product. At times, while the project is half way through and there is a change in the technology and company policy which may affect the project. Many times, stakeholder conflicts may also affect the project cost and deadline. Integration is also an issue if many teams are participating in project development. Risk Management Models: There have been various approaches and models proposed for software risk management based on the research on the risks associated with projects and the experiences of the project managers and professionals. There are a few basic approaches for risk management. They are traditional and risk-oriented method. The traditional approach is very generic to all the projects deals with the risks associated with all the projects in general and specific to a particular project. The second approach is risk-oriented which deals with identifying the risks associated with a specific project and aims to deal with those risks before they harm the project. Goal Driven Software Development Risk Management model is a risk-oriented approach to deal with the risks associated with the software project development. There are many such models that were proposed like the first one proposed by Barry Boehm in 1988. His proposed a framework by collecting all the requirements and measures together. SEI (Software Engineering Institute-1997) also proposed a risk management framework. The goal of this framework was to help the manager, developers and other decision makers to identify the risks at an early stage of development, so that appropriate measures can be taken at the right time to minimize the risk. Karolak in 1996 also proposed a model for risk management to handle high level risks. This model proposed a model to handle the risks which affect the cost and time of project development. The various methodologies for risk management are given below: a) Goal Driven Software Development Risk Management Model (GSRM): The GSRM is risk management approach which consists of a model of four layers to manage risks in software development. The advantage of using a layered approach is that any technique can be applied to any layer at any time without affecting the other layers. The diagram for the GSRM is shown below, Goal Layer: This is the first layer in GSRM where identifying, elaborating and modeling of goals are done based on the components to be developed for project to be successful. Success of a project can be defined as anything like meeting the deadlines, within estimated cost, fully functional project, meeting the user requirements, etc. So, success means identifying all the technical component development to be done as early as possible. In GSRM, the goals can be identified as project scope, business needs, user requirement, cost estimation, schedule, etc. So these goals in the development process must be ensured to be within project scope, maintained under decided budget and to realistic time scale, achieve all the business needs and reduce risks based on the nature of project, for a successful project development. Many times these goals may be too high so they are divided into small goals which can be achieved at different levels of abstraction. So it is important to attain these small goals to attain the final goal. Due to this, it is easy to model the development components where satisfying the goal makes it easy to final project fulfillment. (Islam, S. 2009) Risk-Obstacle Layer: This is the second layer in the GSRM model, which identifies the risks associated with the project development. These risks can be considered as potential obstacles which are identified from the early developed components and can affect the project goal. Many times there are processes that depend on each other and if there is an obstacle in one of the process it may cause obstruction in other processes also. Obstacles can be due to human error, wrong information, vague/incomplete requirements, miscommunication, wrong technology implementation, etc which may obstruct the achievement of goals resulting in affecting the time scale and cost of development. So risk obstacle identification is done through questionnaire, cross checking the requirements and brainstorming with the stakeholders. A set of brainstorming session and questionnaire is followed after the initial set of components developed to identify the risks before they worsen. These risks are then assessed by the assessment laye r. (Islam, S. 2009) Assessment Layer: This is the third layer in GSRM, where the risk is properly analyzed and explained the event that caused the risk to occur. The risk event that has caused the risk has two properties: likelihood and severity. Severity increases the negative impact of the risk event and likelihood is the possibility of a risk occurring due to the event. There are some risk factors that can give rise to one risk event which may cause many obstacles leading to disturbing the final goal. So this allows in analyzing the various risk factors and the impact that these risks will have on the set of goals to be achieved. So this layer considers risks metrics to identify the likelihood of occurrence of the risk event due to the risk factors. These risk metrics considers the risk factors, risk occurrence likelihood and risk severity for analyzing and measuring the risks which makes the process very easy and simple to identify the risks at early stage of development. For the assessment this model uses Bayesians subjective probability for analyzing the risks events that occurred due to risk factors. In this model, on those risk events that have a negative effect on the goals to achieve are considered. So, this layer basically gives the risks in the order of likelihood and severity that may affect the satisfaction of the final goal to be achieved through obstruction link. (Islam, S. 2009) Treatment Layer: This is the last layer in the model and this layer is to identify the set of actions that can be taken to reduce the risks and also selects the most appropriate action required for the particular risk so as to minimize the effect of the risk in achieving the final goal. Basically, this layer comes into action when the goals, risk factors and risk events have been identified and analyzed by the previous layers and a cost effective measure is required to be implemented to achieve the goal. For this, there can be various agents within the development environment like humans or some tools are used to satisfy the goals. So it is very important to consider the cost benefit of using a particular agent. Hence it becomes very much necessary to model, reason and trace a situation in the software development atmosphere to control and minimize the risks to attain the final goal. (Islam, S. 2009) Boehms Model: Boehm proposed a model in 1988 for risk management in software development. This model was based on spiral model and proposed a framework for minimizing the impact on risk by integrating risk management methods into software development model. The main idea behind this approach is to remove the anticipated risks at an early stage to avoid their occurrence and effect on the later stages of development. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) Boehms model stated that risk management can be divided into two subcategories i.e. Risk control and Risk Assessment. Risk Assessment can again be sub-divided into risk identification, risk analysis and risk prioritization. Risk Control can be sub-divided into risk management planning, risk resolution and risk monitoring. In risk assessment, the risks are basically identified, their impacts are analyzed and a priority is set based on the impact of analyzed risks. Then in Risk Identification all the possible risks that can arise during the project development phase. So this consists on maintaining checklists, suggestions, documentation, assumption analysis and decomposition. The risk analysis stage where the potential of the risk is identified and the probability of its occurrence. It includes the analysis of performance and network. Now once the risk is identified and analyzed comes the risk prioritization stage. In this stage the risk is prioritized based on the value of the impact of that risk. This basically helps in exposing the risk so that it can be taken care of before it aggravates. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) An example for the above can be given as below where the risk factors affecting Satellite Experiments software are given in the table below. The table below shows various factors affecting the project development. The column of Unsatisfactory Outcome shows the various reasons affecting the project. The second column shows the probability of that occurrence on the scale of 1-10. The third column shows the loss occurrence and the last column shows risk exposure. Software Engineering Institute (SEI): The framework provided by the SEI for software risk management is to enable three groups, namely the Software Risk Evolution (SRE), Continuous Risk Management (CRM) and Team Risk Management (TRM). The main motive behind developing this framework is to enable the decision makers like the stakeholders, customers, managers and engineers to identify the risks associated with the software development cycle like analysis, requirement gathering, developing, integrating and testing, so that appropriate minimizing strategies can be applied at the right time. These methodologies have relatively three fundamentally different objects i.e. risk prevention, risk mitigation and correction and ensuring safe system failure. To achieve these three objectives there are seven principles for risk management. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) They are, Shared Product Vision: It focuses on results. It is based on sharing product vision related to a common purpose and shared ownership. Teamwork: It defines working together as a team for achieving a common goal by pooling skills, talents and knowledge. Global Perspective: The system design and development is viewed from a global perspective of building a larger system. Identifying the potential of the final product from a global perspective and also the impact of adverse effects like cost and time overrun or not meeting the requirements. Open Communication: Making sure that communication is open between all the members involved in the project at all levels. By supporting formal and informal communication where required. Supports a consensus-based process where individual is allowed to give an opinion regarding the risk associated with the project. Forward-Looking View: It thinks about tomorrow, identifies the associated uncertainties and possible outcomes along with managing project resources and activities. Integrated Management: Making risk management an integral part of project development process. Adopting risk management tools and methodologies to project development process. Identification is the first step in SEI model. In this step the issues which will affect the project goal are identified. In the next step of analysis, these risks are analyzed by the decision makers to work on these risks. In the planning stage these risks are prioritized in the order of value which might affect the final goal. Then each risk in the order of priority is taken into consideration and a study is done on that risk is done during planning so that an appropriate action can be taken against them to avoid the risk and minimizing their impact. Then proper measures are taken so as to make sure that are risks are handled as they are planned. Thus tracking of all the measures taken is done to see if things are going as planned and all the necessary control measures are executed. Communication present at the center of the model facilitates connection between all the steps in the model. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) While implementing the SEI model all the activities follow a sequence of steps. The risk and mitigation database lies at the center of the model and is responsible for all the communication between various activities. It is responsible for identifying all the risks and making an entry for all the new risks that have been identified. Risks like cost overrun, increase in time scale, resources problem, vague requirements, improper functionality, improper testing, inefficient testing tools and no time for testing. Many times the risks are identified before they arise actually. Like increase in the cost of development, lack of proper resources or incomplete requirements. At times when huge projects are to be handled, they are generally broken into smaller sub-parts. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) In each sub-part different methods and criteria of handling risks. In this case, there is less time and cost required to handle these risks and is efficiently handled. These risks are prioritized based on their impact value, dependency, cost and resources required to minimize them. Risk mitigation plan is then made based on the priority of the risk, so as to give preference to high probability risk. This plan is documented so as to keep a track all the risks in the order of priority and a record of all the risks that are handled and ones remaining. This plan is then updated on regular basis as and when a risk is taken care of and they no longer exist. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) Riskit Method: Riskit Method was proposed by Jyrki Kontio in 1996 which mainly focused on goals and stakeholders. This model is very much based on theoretical concepts based on the experience. This model was proposed based on the previous developers experience. The main characteristics of this model are fully operational definition of process, risk management, scope, focus, authority, processes and steps for identifying and defining goals of the project. Riskit method has five elements of risk. Risk Elements in Riskit Method: Risk Factor: It is an attribute which may affect the likelihood of occurrence of a risk. Risk Event: It is an event of occurrence of a negative incident. Risk Outcome: It is a situation that occurs between the risk occurrence and before corrective measures implemented. Risk reaction: It is an action taken in response to the occurrence of the risk and the effect of the risk occurrence. Risk Effect Set: It is the effect of the risk event occurrence and the set of characteristics which are affected by the risk event. The seven steps in Riskit process are: Risk Management Mandate Definition: In this step the scope and frequency of risk management are defined with all the stakeholders being recognized. The output of this step is to mandate risk management like how, why, when, where, what, whom, etc. Goal Review: In this step all the predefined goals of the project are reviewed and refined and the new refined goals are clearly defined. Then the stakeholders associations analyze the redefined goal. Risk Identification: In this step, various potential risks associated with the project are identified and listed down. Risk Analysis: In the analysis phase, all the identified risks are classified in the order of priority. These risks effects are then estimated for all the possible scenarios. Then the probability of utility losses due to these risks is estimated. Finally, a graph is prepared based on the estimated risks and their scenarios. Risk Control Planning: Now, once the risks have been graphed based on their value of impact, the most important risk is taken for risk control planning. Then all the members decide and propose control actions to be taken for a particular risk. Then a controlling action is decided and finalized. Finally, the decided action is taken to control the risk. Risk Control: In this phase, the action for risk control decided in the previous stage is executed, resulting in reduced risks. Risk Monitoring: After the risk control stage, the risks are monitored to check their situation resulting risk status. (Dhlamini, J. 2009) FMEA Technique: FMEA technique is a risk management technique which stands for Failure Mode Effect Analysis. These days due to heavy competition companies realize the need for innovation but fear failure or sometimes ignore the risks associated with it, resulting in failure. Due to bad design, implementation and testing it may result in heavy loss, incomplete functionality or even decline in market share. To overcome this fear of failure and we need a process that will identify the failure modes that will damage customer satisfaction, recognize the reason for failure and see the causes of failure. This will help to identify the critical failure areas and take the necessary action to avoid the situation. So FMEA technique is used which provides a tool for recognizing the risk areas from design to production which may lead to failure. (Stunell, P. 2003) The FMEA process consists of a certain steps. The first step is identification of the risks that can occur during the project development process from design to development. In this step, first raw information is gathered from the stakeholders, managers and team members and previous projects in a structured format so that a knowledge base is create to identify all the potential risks that can arise leading to project failure. The next step is to assign a value to that risk based on its probability of occurrence, the impact of risk and detection based on the analysis of team members, stakeholders and other professionals. Then a Risk Priority Number (RPN) which is used to identify the probability of occurrence of a risk and the effect of its occurrence. This will help in taking a corrective measure at the right time so that the product goes as decided and has customer satisfaction.RPN uses rating scales based on the severity of the consequence for a particular risk, probability of the failure due to its occurrence and probability of a risk occurrence. (Stunell, P. 2003) The rating is done on the scale of 1 to 5 or 1 to 10 based on this rating the severity of the risk is calculated. For example, in the rating of 1 to 5, generally a risk whose value is 5 is very likely to occur than the one having a value 1. The figure below shows a scale of 1 to 5. Then once this is done a graph or scatter plot is created based on the RPN and risk value. Then based on these calculated values a priority list is created for all the risks. A risk response plan is created after the priority is created and the risks are re-evaluated based on the RPN and risk value. Once the risk is identified then accordingly the corrective steps are taken to reduce the risk. After the action is taken again, the calculations are done to see the effectiveness of the action. This helps in knowing the percentage reduction in RPN. (Stunell, P. 2003) Advantages Disadvantages of Risk Management: Advantages: Risk Management helps in early detection of problems associated with the project. It helps in preparing the development team to face the future problems. It reduces overall cost of the development which might increase due to risks associated with the project. Helps in taking the right steps like proper developers, technologies, time scale, etc. Disadvantages: It takes time during the initial stages as it requires analysis and information gathering on the possible risks associated with the project. It may also increase the overall cost of development. My View-Point: This paper is based on my research on the various risks associated with the project development and the methods to minimize these risks. Since the advancement of technology and scope for software development a lot of complex projects are developed. But there are always some risks associated with the development of these large scale projects. Risks can be like cost increase, resources problem, time schedule and many more. Many methods are proposed based on the experience of the managers and other professionals to avoid and minimize the risks associated with software project development. Based on my experience with projects and understanding of these methods I feel that risk management is as important as project development. Risk Management should be a part of software development cycle because it important to manage and identify the risks associated with the development as important it is to develop a full functional product under the given time and cost to satisfy the customer. Many times unexpected problems may arise during the development phase or testing phase which may result in backtrack to the design phase resulting in increasing cost and time scale. At times, developers may leave a project half-way which may result in resource problem. So risk management implementation in project development may give the stakeholders, developers and managers to time to analyze the risks associated with the development and prepare themselves risks to come in advance. From my research on the above methods of risk management, I feel that goal driven approach and FMEA technology are better to be used for various types of project. Goal Driven Software Development Risk Management Model is a goal based approach. In this model the goals of the project are defined at the very start of the project like the error free requirements, end user involvement, scope, business needs, realistic time scale, cost estimation and managing resources. This will reduce the occurrence of unexpected problems during the development process. Even if a risk arises unexpectedly, it has a series of steps to follow like the obstacle- link layer for the obstacles that arise for a decided goal to achieve. Then the analysis layer which is used to analyze the obstacle and the treatment layer where a proper action is taken based on the analysis layer. This approach is really good for small and medium sized projects as they are with one team and the user can be in direct communication with them and the team knows the whole development cycle. FMEA technology is mainly used in managing risks in large complex projects. In this technology first the risks which are likely to occur are decided based on the experience of senior professionals and stakeholders. Then, this raw information is made as a knowledge base and all the other risks are also identified. Then these risks are prioritized based on their value of impact on the project development. After that these risks are analyzed and a document is made. Then based on this analysis a corrective method is decided and implemented to reduce the risk. This really helps in large projects because the basic risks are associated with all the teams working on the project but few risks are face by the teams working on different modules. So these teams have their own set of risks to handle and the basic ones of they occur. This will reduce the time and cost in risk management as teams will face their own small risks to handle rather than a single team on large project handling all the r isks alone. So FMEA technology can be used for managing risks in large scale projects. Other projects are equally useful but they cannot be implemented alone. They are combined with other models to control risks associated with software development. 7) Conclusion: Risk Management is an integral part of any project development cycle. It is something that the software industry needs to pay equal attention to as software development. This is because the statistics show that more than 70% of the projects fail due to various reasons and risks associated with them. There have been studies done in this area and professionals have proposed and implemented various methods for risk management. But still this problem does exist in the industry. Project development should plan a risk management plan along with the development plan to make sure that the project is completed on time, within the estimated cost and to the full satisfaction of the customer. Thus Risk management is very beneficial and extremely important for any project to be successful and satisfy the customer needs. 8) References: Boehm, B. (1989). Software acquisition gold practiceà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ formal risk management. Retrieved from http://www.goldpractices.com/practices/frm/ Boehm, B. (1991). Software risk management: principles and practices. IEEE Software, 8(1), Retrieved from http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=625015 doi: 10.1109/52.62930 Boehm, B. (1998, 12 5). Software risk management. Retrieved from http://sunset.usc.edu/classes/cs510_2003/notes/ec-files/Software_Risk_Management.ppt Boban, M. (2003, 11 02). Strategies for successful software development risk management . Retrieved from http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HeDQ2Ow8nUYJ:www.efst.hr/management/Vol8No2-2003/4-boban-pozgaj-sertic.doc+risk+management+in+software+developmentcd=16hl=enct=clnkgl=us Dhlamini, J. (2009). Intelligent risk management tools for software development. Proceedings of the 2009 Annual Conference of the Southern African Computer Lecturers Association, 33-40. Examining risk priority numbers in fmea. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.reliasoft.com/newsletter/2q2003/rpns.htm Islam , S. (2009). Software development risk management model: a goal driven approach. Proceedings of the doctoral symposium for ESEC/FSE on Doctoral symposium, 5-8. Prikladnicki, R. (n.d.). Risk management in software development: a position paper. Retrieved from http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:EkxHkf-j8d4J:gsd2004.cs.uvic.ca/camera/prikladnicki.pdf+risk+management+in+software+developmenthl=engl=uspid=blsrcid=ADGEESi3waZpt2SvUyFxBL_yCBTqZw3dRNjeK-Q9UorompBDJtxpg4tyvOhcf-25jgS1-2GymhNqyjtfKrUdMVgqa8wPaUo35ZJ_GCCzvA7V7Abvtz6hkEWK2N0BkcCAn5F36b1jpaGzsig=AHIEtbRhFabMWP1F7cCeNUCDQUVFhhh3Hw Stunell, P. (2003). How to Improve productivity in design and development. Retrieved from http://www.stunell.com/PDFs/Engineering%20FMEA-Version-2-2.pdf William, L. (2008, 08 14). Risk management. Retrieved from http://openseminar.org/se/modules/21/index/screen.do

Clifford Olson: Canadian Serial Killer Essay -- Biography Biographies

Clifford Olson: Canadian Serial Killer Clifford Olson is one of Canada's well known serial killers. He showed no sign of sympathy for the public all throughout his life and would eventually end up killing many innocent people and spending a good portion of his life in jail. Clifford Olson was born on January 1st 1940, in Vancouver, British Columbia. While he was growing up he was always in trouble. Even as a child in school her was referred to as a bully and not a nice kid. Then as he grew up things didn't change for the better the just got worse. As a teenager and young adult Olson found himself in trouble with the law quite frequently. From the year of 1951 to 1981 ( ages 17-21) he had 94 arrests. He was put in jail for some of them and served time for cries ranging from fraud to armed robbery. While in prison Olson was known for two things. One was for being a homosexual rapist and the second was for being a snitch, and helping out the police. Olson helped the police by getting his friend named Garry Marcoux (also in jail), to give a detailed description and confession to raping and mutilating a nine year old girl. Somehow Olson was able to get Marcoux to write down his confession. Olson them gave this to police and it was used to convict Marcoux of that crime. Once Olson had served his time and was released he went to live with the mother of is son. One would have thought that he had learned his lesson and would try to turn his life around. However very unfortunately that was not the case. In November of 1980 A young girl, 12 years old, named Christine Weller went missing. She would later prove to be one of Olson's first murder victims. Christine was abducted from her home in Surrey, BC. Her mutilated body ... ...ack of his van, police found an address book containing the name of Judy Kozma. Along with this and other evidence the police were able to charge Clifford Olson with the murder of Judy Kozma 6 days later. Olson knew that he was going to be put back in jail and was suspected on some of the other murders that he had committed.. So Olson made a deal with the prosecution. In his deal Olson' s family, (wife and son) were to be paid $10,000 for each of his victims. This was very controversial. In exchange Olson would provide the information on the known murders and gave the police direction to 6 outstanding bodies. Olson kept his part of the deal and so did the prosecution. The money was paid to Olson's family on schedule. On January 11th 1982, Clifford Olson pleaded guilty to 11 counts of murder. For this he was sentenced to 11 concurrent life terms in prison.

Psychoanalytic Analysis Essay

Richard, 44 years old, was referred by his doctor who felt that he had a major drinking problem. Initially, Richard resisted seeing himself as a problem drinker and preferred the idea that he was depressed. Richard exhibits impulsive binge behavior, engages in frantic efforts to avoid feelings of loneliness, shows a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships, displays inappropriate anger, and manifests extreme mood swings. Nevertheless, it appears that Richard has no significant medical problems or medical history. Richards’s mother died when he was 10 and his father sent him to a private boarding school, feeling that he could not manage to bring up his son by himself. Richard felt that he was abandoned by both of his parents ? by his mother who died and left him and by his father, just when he had most needed his love, companionship and support. He has had three marriages, each of which ended when his wife left. Typically, each woman grew tired of his continual drinking binges and all that went with his alcoholism: getting fired from job after job, not being a father to his children, being abusive both verbally and physically to her and being extremely dependent on her. Consequently, Richard thinks that he did not have what it takes to keep a wife and eventually grew increasingly bitter towards women since they all left him when he needed them the most. In the aspect of his work, he feels a great deal of anger towards his former boss who fired him. He complains that when he was broke his boss took his job away from him and didn’t offer him support. Thus, in his eyes, important men always let him down including male friends who broke contact because of his drinking. Diagnosis (based on the criteria of manifestations), Psychodynamic Analysis, Use of Free Associations, Theoretical Treatment and Conclusion Based on the manifestations presented on the overview of Richard’s case, we can classify him to belong in the group of Psychiatric Disorders known as Personality Disorders. Personality Disorders are â€Å"pervasive chronic psychological disorders† characterized by an individual’s unique psychological traits and inability to form or maintain interpersonal relationships that revolve around the sphere of family, friends, and work environments ((MentalHelp. net, 2001). Richard’s salient manifestations are further classified into the Borderline type of Personality Disorder. Dombeck (2001), in his article â€Å"Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms† enlisted the following symptoms, which are usually seen in persons with this state: †¢ â€Å"Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation †¢ Identity disturbance: markedly and persistently unstable self-image or sense of self †¢ Impulsivity in at least two areas that are potentially self-damaging (e. g. , spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, binge eating) †¢ Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats, or self-mutilating behavior †¢ Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood (e. g. , intense episodic dysphoria, irritability, or anxiety usually lasting a few hours and only rarely more than a few days) A chronic feelings of emptiness †¢ Inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger (e. g. , frequent displays of temper, constant anger, recurrent physical fights) transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms† (Criteria summarized from: American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. ). Hence, as we can see in the aforementioned clinical manifestations, Richard can truly belong in this type of disorder.  A question may be generated in our minds as to the factors that can trigger the occurrence and aggravation of this disorder in an individual. In line with this, we can device the Psychodynamic approach, which will lead us to trace and analyze the advent of this condition to a person. According to Ballas (2006), one of the root causes or risk factors of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is abandonment issues in childhood. As we can observe, we can directly relate this factor to Richard’s case since he perceived her mother’s death and his father’s decision to send him to the boarding school as abandonment. This issue has affected him in these ways: when his mother died, there was somewhat a feeling of loss as any individual could have when a loved one passes away. However, this feeling was aggravated by the decision of his father. Instead of comforting him, sending him away was the remedy because his father in turn had doubts if he can bring up his son properly. The decision of father was not helpful to the grieving Richard who absolutely by that time needed the support system to help him make it through. Further, this may have caused a significant anxiety, which can prompt the Richard’s disorder. Hence, this disorder as anxiety-related. As defined by Gale (1998), anxiety is an unconscious strategy in which an individual would want to avoid a negative stimulus in view of the fact that it causes a somewhat threat on his or her ego integrity. This must have played a role in Richard’s condition. In this way, defense mechanisms are the way to unleash their feeling within. Defense mechanism is defined and expounded as a psychological mechanism to lessen tension and to protect the ego from potential threat. Defense mechanisms can help an individual cope with anxiety or it can also be harmful. The defense mechanisms that we will be dealing with are still based on the definitions on the same article. As we can evaluate Richard’s symptoms, we can clearly discern the defense mechanisms that he used. Denial was one of them. It was characterized by his resistance to the fact that the doctor said that he has a major drinking problem. Denial was his attempt to eliminate the threatening information that he was confronted. Projection was also used in the aspect of his unsuccessful marriages. It was characterized by blaming his wives who left him to cover up the feeling of inadequacy as a husband to them. In other words, he projected his mistakes to other people. He also used displacement as a defense mechanism, as revealed by his an abusive husband and father. On the other hand, he exhibited five of the criteria for the disorder: impulsive binge behavior, frantic efforts to avoid feelings of loneliness, inappropriate anger, pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships and extreme mood swings. The use of free association is helpful in this case as it can help to connect the details of the Richard’s thoughts and experiences. According to Chiriac (translation by Cristea, 2008), in her article â€Å"About the Free Associations Method†, free associations are useful in a way that â€Å"thoughts are autonomously activated by chance verbal associations, influence conscious psychic life in a frequently dramatic manner and the task of psychoanalysis is to bring such complexes to the surface of conscious mind and eventually integrate them into the patient’s life†. Thus, Richard’s thought may have been unveiled and interpreted by the doctor with the use of this method. Levin (2001) shared some important details in the treatment of BPD in her article in MentalHealth. et. She said that the treatment of choice for BPD, as with most personality disorders, is Psychotherapy. Further, it must be noted that making contract with the individuals with suicidal attempts is essential and must be taken as an initial action. Medications may be prescribed. However, there are still controversies on this matter. She also emphasized that the therapists or the clinicians must be firm in handling this individuals because BPD patients are difficult to deal with. As she recommended, the most successful and effective comprehensive approach to date has been Marsha Linehan’s Dialectical Behavior Therapy. This psychotherapy seeks to teach the client how to learn to better take control of their lives, their emotions, and themselves through self-knowledge, emotion regulation, and cognitive restructuring and is often conducted within a group setting. In addition, hospitalization will also be of great help since it provides a highly-structured environment necessary for the individual’s independence. As with this disorder, medications are not specifically prescribed. Nevertheless, some medications such as antidepressant and anti-anxiety agents may be necessary to alleviate associated symptoms. Hence, Levin (2001) also emphasized the importance of self-help and support groups for patient’s suffering from this disorder. Therefore, a sufficient understanding of the case has been achieved by those aforementioned points that have been discussed. We have traced how Richard has gotten his condition through a careful analysis of the objective manifestations, which have been presented in the overview of this study. We can associate how the events in Richard’s childhood contributed to the intrapsychic conflicts and anxiety that had developed in him in the course of time. We have utilized some defense mechanism that he used in order to protect his ego from anxiety-provoking stimuli. In this way, we knew how his past had greatly affected his interpersonal relationships, which include that of his previous wives and even on his children. Moreover, the symptoms that he manifested were useful in order for us to identify the disorder that he is into and so we knew that he has five of the necessary criteria to classify him in the Borderline type of Personality Disorders. On the hand, the use of free association method is valuable to recognize the underlying details behind Richard’s disorder. Finally, we learned how psychotherapy is necessary to treat his psychiatric condition, how support-system plays a vital role in achieving proper treatment goal and how hospitalization is necessary to facilitate structured environment for Richard. Thus, we learned how the living environment can truly impact a person’s psychological aspect, or should we say his integrity as a holistic being, throughout his lifetime.