Emergence of Critical Thinking and the Impact on Education...

This literature review will examine the emergence of critical thinking in history and its impact on education. Early work in critical thinking and methods for teaching critical thinking will be reviewed as well as modern day use of critical thinking. Finally, this paper will examine the benefits of critical thinking in the classroom. Purpose of critical thinking Dr. Richard Paul (2006) defines critical thinking as the â€Å"disciplined art of ensuring that you use the best thinking you are capable of in any set of circumstances.† It is essentially using the best information available to make the best decisions possible. Critical thinking relies on one’s ability to ask themselves questions about a given topic or situation and be†¦show more content†¦By asking deep and profound questions, he was able to ascertain just how worthy an idea was of belief (Paul, 1997). The method described above is now referred to as â€Å"Socratic Questioning† and is the best known critical thinking teaching strategy (Paul, 1997). While it is useful for the questioner to understand the depth of knowledge of his target, it is perhaps even more valuable to the person being questioned. When one undergoes such questioning, they will themselves see the holes in their logic, and any irrational thought or lack of thought in their ideas. Socratic questioning highlights the need for clarity and logical consistency, something that is crucial for all critical thinkers. In his time, Socrates was able to question commonly held beliefs and explanations and find which of these were reasonable and logical and those which, although appealing, were not. These beliefs and explanations might lack evidence or even rational foundation and Socrates often brought this to light through his teaching through questioning (Paul, 1997). In the middle ages, Thomas Aquinas championed critical thinking by taking on questions and criticisms of his ideas and work. He would restate the criticism, consider it, and answer it as part of his development process. Aquinas brought a systematic approach to critical thinking and a need for critical thinking to be cross-examined (Paul, 1997). DuringShow MoreRelatedEducation : Education Of Preservice Teachers And 2 ) Emphasis On High Stakes Testing Essay924 Words   |  4 P agesThis problem stems from two issues: 1) education of preservice teachers and 2) emphasis on high stakes testing. First, elementary education programs focus on the modern two cores, English and mathematics, paying only lip service to science and social studies. This leads to teachers becoming unconformable with the content in these two subjects. This level of uncertainty produces a focus away from social studies and a focus on the other two contents. 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